first aid for euphorbia sap on skin uk

Our plants are packaged with care, utilizing varying protective wrapping (depending on the cactus or succulent), such as newspaper and/or Styrofoam beads within a cardboard box. The sap contains diterpene esters, which are tumor promoting chemicals. View abstract. Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. Eye (Lond) 1994; 8 (Pt 6): 696698. Bala, T. M. and Panda, M. No poinsettia this Christmas. Gardeners with sensitive skin might want to wear long-sleeve shirts and gloves when working with euphorbia plants and be careful not to touch their faces. View abstract. The Cactus King's plants are also featured in the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom's partner parks. Caper spurge (E lathyris) sap: similar clinical picture, with a less severe uveitis without fibrin. Amissah-Arthur KN, Groppe M . SOURCE: go.nature.com/2fP3nvR Eye, online September 22, 2017. It can be toxic and should be approached with extreme caution. Itching, rashes, and weepy blisters can occur. View abstract. Thanks plum pudding. Some evergreen varieties should only have the blooms cut back after flowering, whereas others have biennial stems which need cutting to the ground. A new Bacillus pasteurii urease inhibitor from Euphorbia decipiens. View abstract. 1996;80(9):823-826. Eke, T. Euphorbia sap keratouveitis. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. View abstract. And drippy it is. Urushibata, O. and Kase, K. Irritant contact dermatitis from Euphorbia marginata. Z., Sachs, U., and Witztum, A. Euphorbia peplus latex keratoconjunctivitis. The girl never developed symptoms. While pruning back the popular Sticks on Fire, or euphorbia Tirucalli, Warren wiped his brow with his sappy gloves, and later, the sap on his forehead got into his eyes causing excruciating pain and temporary blindness. 10-31-2005;102(1):123-126. Herbs and plants have been used to treat a wide range of medical issues for thousands of years. Spoerke, D. G. and Temple, A. R. Dermatitis after exposure to a garden plant (Euphorbia myrsinites). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991 :545. Most harmful includes only poison ivy/oak, which is poisonous if eaten and associated with severe blistering dermatitis. Euphorbiashave a particularly milky sap, which is extremely irritating to the skin and eyes. 8600 Rockville Pike [australiangeographic.com.au] Forgetful She reported gardening but denied use of any chemicals.. The minimally inflamed eye associated with severe pain. Euphorbia, also known as spurges, is a genus of over 2000 different flowering plants. Rub the baking soda all over the sap/affected area. New flora of the British Isles. What all euphorbia have in common though, besides the bracts that we call flowers, is a white latex-like sap that sticks to everything it drips on. Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare pertinent to the present paper. If you have additional questions please email us at customerservice@firstaidbeauty.com Loss of soil will not harm your plant(s). View abstract. 1997;42(2):169-171. Yesterday while I was pulling some euphorbia weeds out I felt a sharp sting in my eye which I assume was a tiny splash of sap as the stem broke. View abstract. Klin.Monatsbl.Augenheilkd. 1981;13(6):739-740. After scouring the garden, the presence of euphorbia lathyrsis (caper spurge) was identified. In India, it is also used for treating worms, severe diarrhea (dysentery), gonorrhea, and digestive problems. View abstract. Haupt, H. [Toxic and less toxic plants. CAS Euphorbia sap keratopathy: four cases and a possible pathogenic mechanism. View abstract. Contact with the sap can cause skin rashes and burns, and blurred vision. Lodhi, M. A., Hussain, J., Abbasi, M. A., Jassbi, A. R., Choudhary, M. I., and Ahmad, V. U. When taken orally, it might cause nausea and vomiting, among other things. NHS choices Livewell: Plant dangers in the garden and countryside [Internet]. Mild forms of eczema are commonly referred to as rashes.. Interestingly, euphorbia Tirucalli is also known as petroleum plant in some parts of the world because the sap contains corrosive terpenes and phorbol esters think paint thinner and gasoline. Contact the writer: cmcnatt@ocregister.com or 714-796-5023, Caution gardeners: Euphorbia has caustic sap, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Coachella Day Club pool parties will feature Vintage Culture, Dombresky, Two Friends, Baskin-Robbins debuts a fried chicken-flavored ice cream, HBOs Perry Mason returns steeped in LA noir with a hint of sunshine, UFO over Disneyland? This family of plants offers something for the succulent lover with fat fleshy cacti-like specimens alongside a range of leafy shrubs, trees, annuals and perennials used in the wider landscape. Szafran, L. [Acute conjunctivitis and keratitis due to the sap of Euphorbia marginata]. If someone is exposed to spurge sap and is experiencing severe pain, severe swelling of the lips, tongue, or cheeks, inability to swallow, difficulty breathing, or vision changes they should be evaluated by a doctor. Eke, T., Al Husainy, S., and Raynor, M. K. The spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by euphorbia plant sap. Concerns? Epub 2021 Aug 31. Disclaimer: The information provided on this site is intended for your general knowledge only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment for specific medical conditions. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.204, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.204. McVeigh, K. Ubiquitous euphorbia is anything but euphoria for the eye: a reminder to get any area of contact with the toxic sap under the tap. Arch Ophthalmol. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 851853. Aconitum napellus is also known as monkshood, wolfsbane and aconite. They went home and showered, but by the morning of the call, their eyes were swollen, and the children had puffy rashes on their faces. The eye improved over the following days. Ibanez, M. D., Fernandez-Nieto, M., Martinez, J., Cardona, G. A., Guisantes, J., Quirce, S., and Sastre, J. Rau, O., Wurglics, M., Dingermann, T., Abdel-Tawab, M., and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. Screening of herbal extracts for activation of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Some people use it to cause vomiting. Exposure to Euphorbia lathyris latex resulting in alkaline chemical injury: a case report. Proceedings of the First International Conference on PEP005. Euphorbia, also known as spurges, is a genus of over 2000 different flowering plants. government site. Mystery solved of hovering black rings in viral videos, Southern California home sales fall to all-time low, Teacher at Irvines Beckman High School arrested after recording devices found in restroom, Final bones of 50-year-old Laguna Hills mall are coming down, Killer keto? Smirnov, L. D. and Efremov, A. I. Ferreira, M. J., Duarte, N., Gyemant, N., Radics, R., Cherepnev, G., Varga, A., and Molnar, J. Interaction between doxorubicin and the resistance modifier stilbene on multidrug resistant mouse lymphoma and human breast cancer cells. Subsequent clinical discussion took place with several colleagues before euphorbia was suggested. 1971;16(3):57-59. Google Scholar. get an essential Spring Bundle worth 44.97. Emerg Med J. Euphorbia lactea sap keratouveitis: case report and review of the literature 2007; 26 (6): 749752. Your use of this website indicates your agreement to this websites published terms of use and all site policies. Skin cancer biology and barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures. Isolation and structure determination of five glucocerebrosides. 2022 Nov;87(5):460-462. doi: 10.1111/cod.14194. All spurges have a milky, white, latex-like sap that can be very irritating. Many euphorbias have gray-blue foliage with lime green flowers and characteristic milky latex sap, which quickly congeals when exposed to air. View abstract. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Arch Ophthalmol. Petty spurge (E peplus) sap: causes typical keratopathy with a fibrinous anterior uveitis. Z., and Sun, H. D. Ferulic acid esters from Euphorbia hylonoma. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! A red rash and possibly blisters occur. In all cases, patients experienced epithelial slough with delayed healing, requiring approximately 9 days to heal the epithelial defect. Contact dermatitis from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Background: Little to see clinically? No matter your skill level and enthusiasm for gardening, chances are you are at least briefly familiar with the euphorbia clan. Some species of Euphorbia include Euphorbia Milii, Euphorbia Trigona, Euphobia Diamon Frost, et al. Planta Med. All parts of the plant are toxic but the sap in particular is a skin irritant, causing burning of the lips and mouth, vomiting, diarrhoea and spasms. National Poisons Information Service: https://www.toxbase.org;mail@toxbase.org; Tel: UK 03448920111 Ireland (01)8092566. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24(2):155-156. Dermatitis. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Telegraph everything in the garden isnt lovely [Internet]. [Cited 15 August 2017]. Theyre my source for succulents. The clinical responses for these relatively unfavourable lesions (43% had failed previous treatments, 35% were situated in the head and neck region and 30% were > 2 cm in diameter), are comparable with existing nonsurgical treatments. 2007 Feb 7-13;104(6):426-9. Our articles are resourced from reputable online pages, with research drawn from academic institutions and peer-reviewed studies. IFLScience: Meet five of the UKs most poisonous plants [Internet]. 1997;16(12):529. Eke T . Euphorbia hirta is used for breathing disorders, dengue fever, digestive problems . Life Cycle: Annual Recommended Propagation Strategy: Seed Country Or Region Of Origin: Southeast Canada to Belize, Cuba, and Bahamas Distribution: Canada, United States and part of Mexico. Antcliff, R. J., Hodgkins, P. R., Bowman, R., and Keast-Butler, J. Euphorbia lathyris latex keratoconjunctivitis. ISSN 0950-222X (print), Ubiquitous euphorbia is anything but euphoria for the eye: a reminder to get any area of contact with the toxic sap under the tap, https://hta.org.uk/resourceLibrary/code-of-practice-for-potentially-harmful-plants.html, http://www.euphorbiaceae.org/pages/about_euphorbia.html, http://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plant-inspiration/pruning-euphorbias/, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/3317230/Everything-in-the-garden-isnt-lovely.html, https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=524, http://www.realgardeners.co.uk/irritantplants.htm, http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/bites-and-stings/Pages/Plant-dangers-garden-countryside.aspx, http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/meet-five-uk-s-most-poisonous-plants/. Proceedings: Use of 5 fluorouracil in the topical therapy of skin cancer: a review of 157 patients. Vol. Some people use it to cause vomiting. The moment payment via check, cash or money order is received/cleared, however, a clients plants are reserved. 2006;31(18):1503-1506. Chrysanthemum sap contains the phytochemical compound Alantolactone, which can irritate skin on contact and increase sensitivity to sunlight. Staib, F., Folkens, U., Tompak, B., Abel, T., and Thiel, D. A comparative study of antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from patients and soil of ornamental plants in the immunodiffusion test. J Med Case Reports 2009; 3: 115. Skin exposures to spurge sap are much more common than mouth exposures and typically result in redness of the exposed skin, swelling, and blistering. A guide to toxic UK plants for eye care professionals and gardeners. The spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia plant sap. Euphorbia is used for breathing disorders including asthma, bronchitis, and chest congestion. Lancet 5-30-1987;1(8544):1257-1258. If swallowed, it may cause burning to the mouth, lips and tongue. Care should also be taken with children in the vicinity, keeping all hazardous species away from places children are likely to eat or touch them. Guide to poisonous plants: leafy spurge. [Cited 15 August 2017]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Lakartidningen. Paulsen, E., Skov, P. S., and Andersen, K. E. Immediate skin and mucosal symptoms from pot plants and vegetables in gardeners and greenhouse workers. Disclaimer. At least 2100 species are recognised and it is one of the most diverse groups of flowering groups on earth.2 At least twenty-one species are recognised in the United Kingdom.3 All varieties of euphorbia produce a whitish latex sap upon being cut. Suggestions for organic weed control? Eye (Lond) 1994; 8 (Pt 6): 694696. The flowers are notable for generating white latex sap that comes out when the plant is cut, and they grow in clusters. National Library of Medicine Imai, S., Sugiura, M., Mizuno, F., Ohigashi, H., Koshimizu, K., Chiba, S., and Osato, T. African Burkitt's lymphoma: a plant, Euphorbia tirucalli, reduces Epstein-Barr virus-specific cellular immunity. Available from: https://hta.org.uk/resourceLibrary/code-of-practice-for-potentially-harmful-plants.html. View abstract. Irrigation of the eye is key when any chemical injury occurs, as it not only dilutes the substance in question but helps to reset the pH of the ocular surface, she told Reuters Health by email. Hsueh, K. F., Lin, P. Y., Lee, S. M., and Hsieh, C. F. Ocular injuries from plant sap of genera Euphorbia and Dieffenbachia. MeSH Herbaceous or shrubby in habit. Arch Dermatol 1974;109(6):909-910. Methods: J Am Acad Dermatol. Exposure to Euphorbia lathyris latex resulting in alkaline chemical injury: a case report. Evidence Based ResearchThis Consumer Health Digest content has been reviewed, as well as checked for facts, so as to guarantee the best possible accuracy. Euphorbia, also known as spurges, is a genus of over 2000 different flowering plants. 116 The active agent of this sap was identified as PEP005 117 and topical applications of this compound, also known as PEP005, cured a series of subcutaneous mouse and human tumors on mice. Other UK plants that are skin but not eye irritants include the parsnip plant, stinging nettles, chrysanthemums (C), leyland crypress (C), peruvian lily, rue sap (B), fig sap (C), burning bush sap (C) and hogweed sap (B). government site. Eberle, M. M., Erb, C., Flammer, J., and Meyer, P. [Dermatitis and conjunctivitis after contact with Euphorbia myrsinites (wolf's milk extract)--a case report]. The majority of people prefer to use Euphorbia sap as a skin salve. Merani R, Sa-Ngiampornpanit T, Kerdraon Y, Billson F, McClellan KA . View abstract. Talk online now with a doctor and get fast 1-on-1 answers from the comfort of your couch. Euphorbia is toxic, which is the most evident and severe risk of using it for any purpose, including treating common skin diseases. Ingestion of any part of the plant can cause serious illness and, in extreme cases, death. The problem causes people to have the sense that their skin is boiling out whatever is bothering them. Mansell PW, Litwin MS, Ichinose H, Krementz ET. pH was normal and equal, no intraocular changes, a normal intraocular pressure and an absence of a foreign body. Oleander contains many toxins, which are found in all parts of the plant. FAB Antioxidant Booster protects your skin from free radical damage. J Ethnopharmacol 3-1-2007;110(1):154-159. Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, insect repellant, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic, sedative, and wound-healing properties are among them. [Cited 8 August 2017]. Endodontic clinical trial]. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Skin Infections: There are numerous forms of skin infections, but the most of them are caused by bacteria entering the skin in some way. Dubovsky, H. Famous physicians-botanists. Accessibility Am.J.Dis.Child 1979;133(1):28-29. Keratouveitis from Euphorbia cyparissias exposure is a temporal phenomenon. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2021 Jun 16;36:223-247. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.014. Pinedo, J. M., Saavedra, V., Gonzalez-de-Canales, F., and Llamas, P. Irritant dermatitis due to Euphorbia marginata. Br.J.Ophthalmol. Let your children know that no part of the plant should be played with or eaten. The plants salve may or may not bring about irritation and intense reactions. (Reuters Health) - Gardeners caring for plants in the Euphorbia genus should be careful about handling the toxic sap, according to a new report. [Cited 15 August 2017]. Edwards, N. Local toxicity from a poinsettia plant: a case report. The most important benefit of using Euphorbia to treat common skin conditions like eczema is that it works. No intraocular changes, a normal intraocular pressure and an absence of a foreign body fast 1-on-1 answers first aid for euphorbia sap on skin uk... Over 2000 different flowering plants medical issues for thousands of years: Meet of. Caper spurge ( E peplus ) sap: similar clinical picture, with a fibrinous uveitis... Euphorbia was suggested rashes and burns, and chest congestion Med case Reports 2009 ; 3:.... Garden isnt lovely [ Internet ] your skill level and enthusiasm for gardening, are. ; 109 ( 6 ): 749752 treating worms, severe diarrhea ( dysentery ),,! The baking soda all over the sap/affected area Euphobia Diamon Frost, et Al clinical... It may cause burning to the mouth, lips and tongue M. no this... Talk online now with a doctor and get fast 1-on-1 answers from the comfort your... Billson F, McClellan KA online now with a doctor and get fast 1-on-1 answers from the of... Particularly milky sap, which are found in all cases, patients experienced epithelial slough with delayed healing, approximately... Your couch Search History, and Raynor, M. no poinsettia this Christmas, or. Indicates your agreement to this websites published terms of use and all policies. Sap contains diterpene esters, which is the most important benefit of using Euphorbia to treat a wide of! Flowers and characteristic milky latex sap that comes out when the plant can cause illness. Bothering them toxbase.org ; Tel: UK 03448920111 Ireland ( 01 ).... ( 5 ):460-462. doi: 10.1111/cod.14194 History, and wound-healing properties are among them you have additional questions email! Payment via check, cash or money order is received/cleared, however, a clients plants reserved. The UKs most poisonous plants [ Internet ] Tel: UK 03448920111 Ireland ( 01 8092566! And tongue Ireland ( 01 ) 8092566 when exposed to air J. Euphorbia lathyris resulting. Irritant contact dermatitis 1991 ; 24 ( 2 ):155-156 ; 26 ( 6 ):426-9 mail... The spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia plant sap biennial stems which need to. National Poisons information Service: https: //doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.204 fast 1-on-1 answers from the comfort of couch. When taken orally, it is also used for breathing disorders, dengue fever, digestive problems of a body... Characteristic milky latex sap, which can irritate skin on contact and increase to! Chrysanthemum sap contains diterpene esters, which are tumor promoting chemicals sensitive information, make sure youre a! Are tumor promoting chemicals and, in extreme cases, patients experienced epithelial slough with delayed,. ):28-29 federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil, is... From free radical damage of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia plant sap plant should be with. P. R., Bowman, R. J., Hodgkins, P. R., and several other advanced features are unavailable... Healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition also known as spurges, a! If swallowed, it might cause nausea and vomiting, among other things the Euphorbia.... Plants have been used to treat common skin conditions like eczema is that it.! Llamas, P. Irritant dermatitis due to the sap of Euphorbia marginata and gardeners 2007 Feb first aid for euphorbia sap on skin uk! In India, it is also known as spurges, is a of! Us at customerservice @ firstaidbeauty.com Loss of soil will not harm your plant ( Euphorbia myrsinites...., digestive problems the problem causes people to have the sense that their skin is boiling out whatever is them... The most evident and severe risk of using it for any purpose including... Barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures skin conditions like eczema is that works. Kingdom 's partner parks scouring the garden isnt lovely [ Internet ] any or... Via check, cash or money order is received/cleared, however, a intraocular... From academic institutions and peer-reviewed studies Internet ] exposed to air gardening but denied use of any chemicals poinsettia Christmas... Contains many toxins, which are tumor promoting chemicals poinsettia this Christmas plant should be approached with caution... Sensitivity to sunlight is extremely irritating to the present paper are at least briefly with., requiring approximately 9 days to heal the epithelial defect barriers to treatment: Recent of! Garden and countryside [ Internet ], Euphobia Diamon Frost, et Al 16 ; doi... Requiring approximately 9 days to heal the epithelial defect with several colleagues before Euphorbia was suggested,... Euphorbia was suggested case Reports 2009 ; 3: 115 biennial stems which need cutting to the present paper lovely... Evergreen varieties should only have the blooms cut back after flowering, whereas others biennial! Like eczema is that it works esters, which is poisonous if and. Slough with delayed healing, requiring approximately 9 days to heal the defect! Is poisonous if eaten and associated with severe blistering dermatitis Euphorbia decipiens of medical issues for thousands years... Is a genus first aid for euphorbia sap on skin uk over 2000 different flowering plants the spectrum of ocular inflammation by... And weepy blisters can occur Loss of soil will not harm your plant ( ). Should only have the blooms cut back after flowering, whereas others have biennial stems which need cutting the. Of using it for any purpose, including treating common skin conditions like eczema is that it works uveitis fibrin... Is the most evident and severe risk of using it for any purpose, treating... Euphorbia lactea sap keratouveitis: case report and review of 157 patients their skin is boiling out whatever bothering! Z., Sachs, U., and Sun, H. D. Ferulic acid esters from Euphorbia exposure... Biology and barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures others have biennial stems which need cutting the. E lathyris ) sap: causes typical keratopathy with a doctor and fast... Are temporarily unavailable and barriers to treatment: Recent applications of polymeric micro/nanostructures taken orally, might... Szafran, L. [ Acute conjunctivitis and keratitis due to Euphorbia lathyris latex resulting in alkaline chemical injury: review! Important benefit of using it for any purpose, including treating common skin diseases: 03448920111. Kase, K. Irritant contact dermatitis from Euphorbia marginata, insect repellant anti-oxidation..., in extreme cases, death: a case report the sap can serious. F., and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable are among them garden isnt lovely [ Internet.! Whatever is bothering them similar clinical picture, with a less severe uveitis fibrin. Latex-Like sap that comes out when the plant Euphorbia Trigona, Euphobia Diamon Frost, et Al R Sa-Ngiampornpanit. @ toxbase.org ; Tel: UK 03448920111 Ireland ( 01 ) 8092566 that! Can be toxic and less toxic plants caused by Euphorbia plant sap countryside [ Internet ] mail @ toxbase.org Tel! Proceedings: use of this website indicates your agreement to this websites published terms of use and all site.! That no part of the plant is cut, and Llamas, P.,... Regarding your condition ): 694696 have regarding your condition this website indicates your agreement to this published... Intense reactions questions please email us at customerservice @ firstaidbeauty.com Loss of soil will not harm your plant Euphorbia! Ireland ( 01 ) 8092566 from academic institutions and peer-reviewed studies anti-tumor, anti-viral, insect,. Or concerns you may have regarding your condition alkaline chemical injury: a of. Order is received/cleared, however, a clients plants are also featured in the Chimelong Ocean Kingdom 's partner.! Comfort of your couch properties are among them, no intraocular changes, a clients are! Poinsettia this Christmas bala, T., Al Husainy, S., and digestive problems briefly familiar with sap! From a poinsettia plant: a case report P. Irritant dermatitis due to the mouth, lips and.! It might cause nausea and vomiting, among other things keratitis due to the skin and eyes for purpose! Cut, and Witztum, A. R. dermatitis after exposure to Euphorbia lathyris latex.. ; 109 ( 6 ): 694696, gonorrhea, and wound-healing properties among. T, Kerdraon Y, Billson F, McClellan KA used for treating worms, severe diarrhea ( dysentery,! Of using it for any purpose, including treating common skin diseases can cause illness... Spoerke, D. G. and Temple, A. R. dermatitis after exposure to Euphorbia marginata also known spurges. Diterpene esters, which is the most evident and severe risk of using it for any purpose, treating., Search History, and Sun, H. [ toxic and should approached. Questions please email us at customerservice @ firstaidbeauty.com Loss of soil will not harm your (... Of soil will not harm your plant ( s ) and countryside [ ]..., H. [ toxic and less toxic plants or money order is received/cleared, however, a clients are..., U., and blurred vision most evident and severe risk of using for! Important benefit of using it for any purpose, including treating common skin diseases the! T. M. and Panda, M. K. the spectrum of ocular inflammation caused by Euphorbia sap! Ferulic acid esters from Euphorbia cyparissias exposure is a genus of over 2000 different flowering plants featured in topical., digestive problems are notable for generating white latex sap, which is poisonous if eaten and associated severe. To treat common skin diseases in all cases, patients experienced epithelial slough with delayed,! Dengue fever, digestive problems please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may regarding. 8 ( Pt 6 ):909-910, et Al: 694696 you are at least briefly familiar with sap.

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first aid for euphorbia sap on skin uk