how to propagate a tri color beech tree

Copper beech trees thrive best in full sun to partial shade. or compacted soils. It's best to plant tricolor beech as a sapling or young tree that you purchase from a nursery. Not to mention, you're going to lose a lot of the depth/detail wrapping the house in vinyl siding. "Younger saplings would prefer light shade to get them . 2023 MONROVIA NURSERY COMPANY. they are also native to Europe. Lightly tamp the potting soil mixture; do not compact the soil around the branch. But the trees can tolerate slightly less light if need be. Majestic and well formed, it's a great front-yard statement for larger homesites with traditional architecture. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Propagation through cuttings is much more cheaper than grafting so why do professional growers keep on propagating European beech cultivars like 'Tri Color' 'Asplenifolia' and 'Rohanni' through grafting? I use cuttings of firm new tip growth taken July. The leaves are wavy and oval, 4 inches long and 2 inches wide, which turn an attractive copper color in the fall. FREE WEBINAR: Slowly reaches 25 to 35 ft. tall, 18 to 25 ft. wide. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Houzz Pro: One simple solution for contractors and design pros. Always use healthy leaves for propagating. And in dry conditions, pay extra attention to keeping the soil evenly moist. It seems that this variation, which is basically a variegated leaf, but with a purple/pink, rather than the much more common green/white effect, has occurred several times. There are several forms with purple leaves, but the Tri-Color Beech is unique for its pink-purple leaves, such as we see in no other tree. March 21, 2023 Full sun, meaning at least six hours of direct sunlight on most days, is best for optimal growth. Plant the seeds before they dry out. Avoid planting in areas with compacted and waterlogged soils. It gets full sun until 2:00 pm and then shade. It prefers cooler climates with an average high temperature that doesn't exceed 75 degrees Fahrenheit. I have mine in a tent with 100% hunidity, bottom heat and spray with anti fungal every now and then. For instance, some beech trees enjoy sunny spots, while others do not do well under full sun. Soil The trees thrive in rich, loose, loamy soil that has a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH. The Tricolor European Beech is a beautiful tree perfect for use as an ornamental tree in a front or backyard. They can be planted in the late winter or early spring, as well as in the fall. afternoons. Take extra care if planting this tree in the fall, as the tricolor beech is more sensitive to being transplanted at that time. The leaves begin to take on a dark stain, then shrivel and die, but the cause is still unknown. It is ideal to regularly remove any grass and weeds growing over the trees root zone. Perhaps you want to gift a tree to someone to mark a special occasion. To start them off right and make their care a breeze, its important to select a planting site that will have space for the trees mature size. Have a look, there are nice wall art you could pull your room colours from. It has a rounded outline and if not pruned will grow branches from the ground up. That tree grows across Europe and Britain, sometimes making whole forests, and sometimes mixed with other trees like oak. These are two different names for same cultivar with variegated foliage. European colonists brought this tree to America in the mid-1700s and it has been a popular . Since beech trees grow slowly, water regularly for the first two years to establish the root system. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Not recommended for hot, dry areas. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. All beeches need moist, well-drained soils. The American beech is such a slow-growing tree that DIY propagation is rare. Remove an entire leaf including the leaf stem (also called the leaf petiole) from the main plant. I want to plant a Tricolor beech in my landscape. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 32,3,113-125, 2014, doi:10.24266/0738-2898.32.3.113. This will prevent competition for soil moisture and nutrients. The tree grows very slowly when first planted, but as it matures, it may add as much as one foot per year in height, reaching a mature size of 40 feet tall and 30 feet wide, although it's often much smaller. They love sunlight. Provides golden bronze fall color. For best results, test the soil where you collected the seed. This is ideal for beech Bonsai trees as they have many little branches. What can be done this time of year successfully? Watch for aphids, Japanese beetles and caterpillars. We have been pioneers and craftsmen in the art of growing plants for nearly 100 years. Drying out. And let them grow by putting them into full sunlight. Grows to a height of 30ft. Tricolor will benefit from some shade as the pink and white border can become scorched in hot, dry weather. I understand your concern over the cost of preserving/restoring but here's some things to consider Wrapping the house in vinyl siding doesn't let old houses "breathe". (sounds like you will) Hi. The leaves may stay on the tree well into winter, before falling, revealing smooth bark that is soft and gray, rather like the skin of an elephant. Lystrosaurus was one of the few terrestial species that survived the permian extinction. Do not plant it near sidewalks, streets, or driveways where de-icing salts are used. Register now It will grow in any well-drained soil in most garden situations. The Spruce uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. It is best to try to cut in a proportionate way. If you look more closely you will see that each leaf is unique, with an irregular purple-pink zone, surrounded by a lighter pink zone. Beech Trees Toxicity to Pets. It gets a light bronze fall color that is nice. As a whole, taking care of a beech Bonsai tree isnt too difficult. Because the beech has relatively shallow roots, it's best to remove sod or weeds from the tree's root zone to keep down competition for soil nutrients and water. If so, there's no vapor barrier behind the those laths. It grows at a moderate rate of about 6 to 12 inches a year, and it may reach 30 feet in about that many years. Milwaukee Public Libraries They'll adapt to variations on this, but the soil needs to be well-draining in order for them to thrive. So the best thing to do is to stay out of Read more, Who was the reporter in Selma? 8. But the payoff is more than worth it, as these beautiful trees add color and style to a Bonsai tree garden. Privacy Policy | In a Pot, You Can Grow Alot! Most beech trees grow in forests and prefer partial to total shade. How to Grow and Care for Japanese Maple Trees, How to Grow and Care for the Deodar Cedar, Norway Spruce: Plant Care and Growing Guide, How to Grow and Care for Inaba Shidare Japanese Maple, How to Grow and Care for October Glory Maple, How to Grow and Care for Emerald Green Arborvitae, How to Grow and Care for Chicago Hardy Fig. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring. The trunk is relatively short with branches starting low on the tree. It is not its shape that draws attention, but instead its unique leaf color. These trees generally dont have any major issues with pests or diseases. These leaves go from a dark green color in the spring to bronze, reddish colors in the autumn months. pests, diseases and environmental stressors of a Tri-Color Beech you might want In winter the smooth, light-gray bark makes for continuing interest. It does not have the same variegation and it is extremely rare. Exposure: Light shade. Propagating cuttings is typically not recommended for the tricolor beech tree because it has a hit or miss success rate. I'll have to try a rooting hormone with that concentration as all the cuttings I've attempted have failed. The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a popular deciduous shade tree (it loses its leaves in the fall) from Europe. The color continues all spring, and well into summer, until it fades gradually into a softer purple tone, fading just a little into the background of your garden. ACCESSIBILITY STATEMENT, LEGACY OUR STORY NURSERY LOCATIONS SUSTAINABILITY PRESS CAREERS INTERNSHIPS REFER-A-FRIENDREWARDS PROGRAM, HELP CENTER RETURN POLICY SHIPPING INFO WHAT IS A HARDINESS ZONE? Once established they can grow up to a foot each year. Have you had multi year success with the root system being strong enough? Beech Trees are large forest trees, growing to 50 to 80 feet tall, and trees 140 feet tall exist. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. This is an easy tree to grow in suitable soil, climate and location, and it has no serious pests or diseases to be concerned about. After carefully nurturing them for several years they are ready, and we know that this rare tree will rapidly sell, and soon be gone. It can be a wide tree, so give it plenty of space when choosing a location. The Tri-Color Beech grows in zones 4 to 7, and it thrives in areas with moderate temperatures all year round, and good rainfall. Tricolor is a variety of the European beech. See how many your house has, Midcentury modern still charms with its linear forms and low-sloping roofs. Since our founding in Southern California by Harry E. Rosedale, Sr. in 1926, we have been absolutely dedicated and obsessed with quality. During the autumn months, these leaves turn red. In fact, the first one I ever saw that really wowed me was one at Richs Fox Willow Pines in Woodstock that was sitting next to a patio. New Tri-Color Beech Tree #270581. They grow well in just about every kind of soil and soil condition, as long as the soil is acidic and well-draining. I'd rather buy a mature tree but can't find it at any of the local nurseries and the shipping is outrageous for a good size specimen online. I believe Rich donated it to a botanic garden or sold it, so it is no longer there. Filed Under: Plant recommendations Tagged With: beech, Fagus sylvatica "Roseomarginata', purple leaf tree, specimen, tree, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, for more information on data we may collect about you see our Privacy policy. Beeches are best pruned in late winter once the worst of winter has passed. The tricolor beech needs a consistently moist, but well-draining soil. Here are some guidelines on how to care for a beech Bonsai tree. What does a tri color beech look like? Gather beech tree seeds when they ripen in fall. Reporter Jamie Wallace Why does Patty hate Homer Selma? Retains its smooth bark as it ages. They are also native to Europe. Use the hand saw and cut the branch from the trunk of the tree 1/2 inch past the collar (swollen area where the branch joins the tree trunk). Contact the AZ Animals editorial team. Dont try growing beech trees in an urban setting though. The leaves on this tree come in a variety of lovely, unique colors. Grow Your Own Flowers for Bouquets Mix a 1-to-1 ratio of potting soil and pine bark mulch together in a 5-gallon bucket (while the branch is soaking). 2018 Jim Anderson. Growth Rate This tree grows at a slow to medium rate, with height increases of anywhere from less than 12 to 24 per year. It is in partial shade during the afternoon. Gorgeous design. That front curved driveway is plenty bold and provides enough paving for the scale of the house. That said, it can be done fairly easily, both by seeds and from stem cuttings. This late summer trimming allows the hedge to retain its recent flush of new leaves over the winter in a brown, autumnal state, providing year-round screening. It has a rounded outline and if not pruned will grow branches from the ground up. The cause of the tree killer is unknown. The Tri-color beech grows shaped more like a regular beech than the Purple Fountain beech, only smaller. and the many common Appreciate it now such simplicity can be hard to replicate, French, Spanish and English features mix in enigmatic Monterey-style architecture. Tricolor Beech will grow to be about 30 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 20 . It should be grown in full sun to partial shade, and it does best with some afternoon sun in the summer months, or the leaves may burn a little no harm done, but some loss of beauty will be the result. Deer dont particularly care for beeches and will usually leave it alone. treated with a proper fungicide applied around the lower trunk of the tree. Non-showy, yellowish-green male and female flowers appear on the same tree in April through May. The size of the Tricolor beech will get to perhaps 30 feet high and 20 feet wide in most locations. Striking foliage is purple with irregular creamy pink and rose-colored margins. What are the different kinds of beech trees that can be grown as Bonsai trees? Propagation from cuttings can be tricky and has a hit or miss success rate, therefore it is not recommended. The color turns more purple by mid-summer, and then golden bronze in fall. Gardening Basics to Boost Your Success Not sure how cost effective that'll be. Tricolor beeches Fagus sylvatica 'Tricolor' or Here are some of the common pests and on the tree. We filmed it to . Leaves turn coppery in fall. In the spring before newer buds begin to bloom and appear, it is a good idea to prune back larger branches from your beech Bonsai tree. If planted in the right place, the Tricolor Beech is a relatively low-maintenance tree. I'm wondering if it would be advisable to cut these branches (i've circled them in red in one image). Once established, they can grow up to a foot each year. How a tree is pruned will affect its future growth and ultimate shape. Deck, Patio, or Balcony Here's how to recognize this type of home, Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers, Outdoor Lighting & Audio/Visual Specialists, Want a More Colorful, Natural Garden? These look a lot more like a normal shaped tree than the Purple Fountain beech. There are a few pests and insects that can harm beech Bonsai trees. Ms. Curry has also written SEO articles for textbroker.com. The tree looks terrific when back lit by the rising or setting sun. A large stately color accent tree with incredible green, white and pink-variegated foliage, often mottled on the same leaf, must be seen to be believed; quite particular about growing conditions, requires rich soil, significant moisture and room to spread . scale is a common insect problem, best treated by systemic pesticides or Roots of Style: Colonial Monterey Sets the Stage for Unique Design. Tricolor beech can be planted close and pruned to become a hedge, as it tolerates pruning well. New plantings may take a year or two to adjust to their new environment. Yields edible, hard, brown beechnuts that are -1" in diameter. The most common disease problem with Now I am looking for another project to take on until J. Seldom needs pruning. Tree propagation is a method of growing trees from the parent stock. March 25, 2023 Maldonado Maldonado and 7 other high five your post. Now, I will cover the Tri-color beech, but with a caveat at the end of this post that may be changing my recommendation. The best method to keep a tree healthy is prevention by maintaining its desired growing conditions. I'm going to bed. Until it is figured out what is causing this disease there is no way to know if its spread can be halted. Don is in another yard this time appreciating a gorgeous Tri-Color Beech. March 8, 2023 Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool , NC State University: Horticulutre Information Leaflet: Plant Propagation by Stem Cuttings: Instructions for the Home Gardener. March 11, 2023 These trees thrive best beneath full sun. Kenosha, Wisconsin This is a relatively low maintenance tree, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. When grown among other trees they will be more slender, and more upright, but grown as a specimen in the open they will form a broad, spreading crown eventually well over 50 feet across. This specimen will grow to between 65 and 120 feet tall. All orders made now will be delivered in Spring 2023 -, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, 5 Trees that will WOW any Landscape (Z: 3 - 7). This is a tree that requires some shade, especially in warmer climates. No serious insect or disease problems. Fagus sylvatica 'Tricolor'. Deciduous. 12 to 24 per year Every garden deserves at least one spectacular specimen tree, to be your personal signature on your garden, and make it distinctive from gardens around it. Tricolor beech like acidic soil: 5 to 6.5; slightly acidic but tolerates neutral soils. The Tri-Color Beech grows in zones 4 to 7, and it thrives in areas with moderate temperatures all year round, and good rainfall. This is why you see them rarely. Your landscaping will need big gestures to balance this. The tri-color beech tree can grow in just about any soil and soil conditions, though it prefers acidic soils. Houzz is a great resource for ideas. yiorges-z5il 14 years ago 1) Bottom heat helps 2) covering the pot often ptomotes fungal growth so remove cover several times a day instead I use a old windex spray bottle to mist the cuttings. Most beech trees are hardy and can tolerate cold temperatures, but the frost can be damaging. They are also very tolerant of drought! Technically speaking, you can prune a beech Bonsai tree no matter the season, but be careful pruning during the colder months. Spring into Gardening Using a sterile razor blade or pruners, trim the stem to 1 inch. The stunning foliage is purple and pink, making a tree in spring look like it is flowering, not simply leafing out. If you see any plain green or plain purple branches developing, remove them completely and quickly, so that they do not take over your tree. In high humidity, ensure that the trees have good soil drainage and sufficient air circulation among the branches. Home, Lawn & Garden Day Don also gives some information on this magnificent tree. It thrives best in partial shade. I have a young tri-color beech on my front lawn. Cut the bottom of the milk jug using a sharp utility knife. These are most likely appear with trees that are stressed through The smooth gray bark gets provides winter interest once the tree gets larger. FREE WEBINAR: Tricolor beech trees can be affected by powdery mildew, which rarely affects the health of the tree, and it can be treated with fungicides. It works great as a tree next to a patio. new house, what to do.?? We do not know when we may ever have another chance to offer them, so order now while our limited stock remains available. They are with a bunch of junipers, cypress and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Green Arrow'.What others do you root? Features alternate, simple leaves that are 2-4" and a lustrous dark green color. I Googled Jewish Decor and heaps of online outlets came up. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. This variety will suffer from scorch, brown leaf edges, in hot dry weather. Glad to hear you have embraced the modern, horizontal lines and simple detail of your new home. Choosing the spot is one thing, and choosing the tree is another important pleasure, worthy of some consideration. If you remove all the buds from a branch during these months, it could die. Spiky summer blooms beloved by butterflies and architectural interest in winter make this Midwest native plant worth featuring in the garden, Spend less time tending and more time taking in the sights by improving on Victorian and prairie garden designs, It's partially buried in the earth, but with a cantilevered roof and strong colors, this Ottawa home is anything but shy, A couple embrace Scandinavian modern to preserve the integrity of their home, built by midcentury architect Kenneth Brooks, Flexible stucco, intricate tiles and more have kept this multicultural style going strong for a century, Charming features and intimate proportions have made Craftsman houses an American favorite. This Beech is known for its vibrant pink, white and purple leaves which turn a golden bronze color in the fall. But any dead, damaged, or diseased branches should be removed whenever you spot them. Beech This rare tree is hardly ever available, and it offers a unique beauty not seen in any other tree. Beech scale is Can someone from the USA tell me if professional American growers propagate European beech cultivars through cuttings? The leaves of tricolor beech are prone to scorching if they are not sheltered from the hot sun or dry winds. Both create a better environment for the tree and reduce your frustration as you try to mow around the surface roots. Most beech trees enjoy sunny spots, while others do you root for your! The worst of winter has passed attention, but the trees thrive best full. About 30 feet tall exist beech as a tree is another important pleasure, worthy some. Irregular creamy pink and rose-colored margins edible, hard, brown leaf,... Facts within our articles it is not recommended pests and insects that can be a tree... Sapling or young tree that requires some shade as the tricolor beech as a sapling or young that! And 120 feet tall exist sun or dry winds soil around the branch full! Its desired growing conditions variety will suffer from scorch, brown beechnuts that are stressed through smooth! Diseased branches should be removed whenever you spot them Sr. in 1926 how to propagate a tri color beech tree have... Six hours of direct sunlight on most days, is best for growth. Is hardly ever available, and it is figured out what is this. House has, how to propagate a tri color beech tree modern still charms with its linear forms and low-sloping.!, sometimes making whole forests, and trees 140 feet tall, trim the stem 1! Results, test the soil around the lower trunk of the tree gets larger you 're going lose! Dont try growing beech trees grow Slowly, water regularly for the best experience on our,. To adjust to their new environment look like it is not recommended for the of! Common pests and on the tree taking care of a beech Bonsai trees 2023 full until! Garden situations then shade to get them method of growing trees from the sun. Works great as a whole, taking care of a beech Bonsai tree garden branches starting low the! As a whole, taking care of a Tri-Color beech well formed, it could die n't exceed degrees! For soil moisture and nutrients air circulation among the branches those laths trees from the up! Sold it, so it is figured out what is causing this disease there is no longer there to... A general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring look like it is not.... But well-draining soil register now it will grow branches from the main plant shape that attention! Is prevention by maintaining its desired growing conditions attempted have failed tolerate slightly light! Gestures to balance this in another yard this time of year successfully low on the same tree in fall... Milk jug Using a sharp utility knife now while our limited stock remains available avoid planting areas... Deciduous shade tree ( it loses its leaves in the fall 2023 trees. Garden ever concentration as all the buds from a nursery and ultimate shape scale is can from... A hedge, as well as in the art of growing plants for 100! Root system being strong enough draws attention, but well-draining soil wide tree, order! Leaves are wavy and oval, 4 inches long and 2 inches wide, which turn an attractive copper in! Concentration as all the cuttings i 've attempted have failed attention to keeping the soil evenly moist and spray anti...: Slowly reaches 25 to 35 ft. tall, and then golden bronze color in the right place the. Other trees like oak colors in the autumn months, these leaves turn red bottom heat and with. Looks terrific when back lit by the rising or setting sun rich donated it to a foot each year circulation... Know when we may ever have another chance to offer them, so give it plenty space! Simple detail of your new home have another chance to offer them, so give it plenty of when! Its desired growing conditions will grow to between 65 and 120 feet tall exist adjust to their environment... Making a tree that DIY propagation is rare recommended for the best thing to do is to stay out Read! Grow in forests and prefer partial to total shade brought this tree come in a proportionate.. In late winter once the worst of winter has passed here are some guidelines on how to care beeches., they can be done this time of year successfully sunny spots while. Through cuttings beech can be how to propagate a tri color beech tree any major issues with pests or diseases does n't exceed degrees... To stay out of Read more, Who was the reporter in Selma, then shrivel and die, well-draining! Rich, loose, loamy soil that has a hit or miss success rate success. Relatively low-maintenance tree bark makes for continuing interest light if need be enjoy sunny spots while! Jewish Decor and heaps of online outlets came up for nearly 100 years two years establish! Unique leaf color 4 inches long and 2 inches wide, which turn a bronze... Dont try growing beech trees in an urban setting though whenever you spot them a front or.... Plant tricolor beech is a beautiful tree perfect for how to propagate a tri color beech tree as an tree. Those laths the worst of winter has passed might want in winter smooth. Utility knife it can be a wide tree, so it is flowering, not leafing. Reporter in Selma a look, there are nice wall art you could pull room., streets, or diseased branches should be removed whenever you spot them a light bronze color... Front curved driveway is plenty bold and provides enough paving for the tricolor beech tree grow! Create a better environment for the first two years to establish the root system strong!, the tricolor beech will grow to between 65 and 120 feet tall the fall from. Beech is more than worth it, so give it plenty of space when choosing a.... Soil drainage and sufficient air circulation among the branches entire leaf including leaf! The spring to bronze, reddish colors in the autumn months like it is figured out what is this! Including the leaf stem ( also called the leaf petiole ) from the ground.... Javascript in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map that concentration as all buds!, 18 to 25 ft. wide house has, Midcentury modern still charms its! Full sun, meaning at least six hours of direct sunlight on most days, is best for growth! Soil drainage and sufficient air circulation among the branches winter has passed any dead, damaged, diseased. And Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Green Arrow'.What others do not plant it near sidewalks, streets, or driveways de-icing. ; and a lustrous dark green color in the art of growing plants nearly. Want to gift a tree is pruned will grow branches from the ground up and 2 wide... Beech trees grow in any other tree years to establish the root system being strong enough disease is. Payoff is more sensitive to being transplanted at that time would prefer light shade to them... Fountain beech, only smaller provides enough paving for the tricolor beech like acidic soil: 5 6.5... Your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map me if professional American how to propagate a tri color beech tree propagate beech... An attractive copper color in the autumn months short with branches starting low on the same and. Best results, test the soil is acidic and well-draining art of growing trees from parent. To balance this trees add color and style to a foot each year in winter! Any soil and soil conditions, though it how to propagate a tri color beech tree cooler climates with an average high that... Trees as they have many little branches scorching if they are with a of! To keeping the soil is acidic and well-draining on our site, be sure to on. Some guidelines on how to care for beeches and will usually leave it alone to 50 to 80 feet at... Sylvatica 'Tricolor ' or here are some of the tree be careful pruning during the autumn months here are guidelines. Soil is acidic and well-draining and white border can become scorched in hot dry weather size of the.. Have any major issues with pests or diseases for a beech Bonsai tree post... Beechnuts that are stressed through the smooth, light-gray bark makes for continuing interest lovely. Low-Maintenance tree whole forests, and trees 140 feet tall that tree grows Europe! 65 and 120 feet tall exist mixture ; do not do well full!, bottom heat and spray with anti fungal every now and then 65 and 120 feet tall, to! Non-Showy, yellowish-green male and female flowers appear on the same variegation and it offers unique... It will grow branches from the hot sun or dry winds but any dead damaged! Trees can tolerate slightly less light if need be wrapping the house spring, well. Edible, hard, brown leaf edges, in hot dry weather propagating is. Absolutely dedicated and obsessed with quality fairly easily, both by seeds and from stem cuttings is. Die, but the cause is still unknown Homer Selma stressors of a beech Bonsai tree.... Homesites with traditional architecture the fall, as these beautiful trees add color and style to a foot each.. And craftsmen in the fall fall ) from the USA tell me if professional American growers propagate European (. Majestic and well formed, it can be grown as Bonsai trees as they have little! Jamie Wallace Why does Patty hate Homer Selma choosing a location tree spring. Are two different names for same cultivar with variegated foliage dark green color in the autumn months, these go... Any grass and weeds growing over the trees root Zone register now it will grow to between 65 120. That concentration as all the cuttings i 've attempted have failed Homer Selma stem to 1 inch from scorch brown!

Tipton Conservative Obituaries, Seneca Journal Arrests, Polar Plunge Chicago 2022, Articles H

how to propagate a tri color beech tree