tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth
See the Materials and Equipment list for details. 6 | Page Teacher's Edition Lesson 9 ! Science Buddies Staff. Push and Pull LEGO Mindstorms Robots. A Tsunami is actually a series of waves. &{JX~Usn[}^R [0^Qf*>m\2mRwjjvnK/. As the waves approach the coast, their wavelength decreases and wave height increases. As the waves approach land, their energy intensifies, and the height of the wave can increase to as high as 60 meters. Make sure the two are far apart from each other at all times. These are SPEED, HEIGHT, and ENERGY POWER. Copyright 2002-2023 Science Buddies. Early registration deadline: May 3, 2023 A 7.8-magnitude earthquake in the Sea of Japan caused waves 5 to 10 March 1994, 2839. 1). It typically takes a magnitude in the mid 7 range to produce a tsunami capable of doing damage and the great ocean-wide tsunamis like 2011 Japan, 2004 Indian Ocean and 1960 Chile have magnitudes in the upper 8 to 9 range. For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude (i.e wave height) of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. But subsequent surges are irregular and it is not possible to predict which surge is likely to be the biggest or how much time will pass between surges. This large vertical displacement of the sea-floor generated the devastating tsunami, which caused damage over such a large area around the Indian Ocean. Record all of the data in the data table in your lab notebook. The tsunami speed, which is dependent on the water depth, does not . Think of the digital elevation model as the flight-simulator equivalent for tsunamis. Fig. A tsunami is generated when a large amount of water is displaced very quickly. These consist of an acoustic sensor connected to a vertical tube open at the lower end which is in the water. Join us at http://www.geosociety.org/. The earthquake took place at about 1am UTC (8am local time) in the Indian Ocean off the western coast of northern Sumatra. (See this travel time map). Students reason this out. Over 200,000 people are known to have lost their lives. In 1964, an 8.4-magnitude earthquake in Alaska's Prince Now plot the data. These include items of mathematical interest, funny math pictures and cartoons, as well as occasional glimpses into the personal life of Passy. The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit very quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly two hours later. Record all data in the data table in your lab notebook. Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) is a component of an enhanced tsunami warning system . (Tides result from the gravitational influences of the moon, sun, and planets.) Kodiak,!Alaska:about32minutes! wide x 8 in. Register today to reserve your spot in morning workshops and field trips. Thailand was also struck about two hours later, despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. The magnitude 9.2 earthquake happened 30 km below mean sea level and spawned a massive tsunami that hit 14 countries. Email us at the hotmail address shown below with any comments, ideas for articles, or to report any broken links or blank images on our pages. As the Tsunami approaches shore, the water depth decreases, causing the Tsunami to slow down, at a rate proportional to the square root of the depth. (2010, January 24). 9). Theoretically, the minimum delay correction could reach 16 min for a tsunami with 100-500-km . Repeat step 9 nine more times to ensure more-accurate data. This was caused by the release of stresses that develop as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma plate. At the shore, most tsunamis slow to the speed of a car, approximately 20 to 30 mph (30 to 50 km/h). In the very deepest parts of the oceans, the speed can be over 700 miles per hour. Our recommendation never return to coastal areas after a tsunami until authorities give you the all clear. This gets around the glitch in extracting data from the Web described in my documents. Large shallow earthquakes beneath the ocean can cause the sea floor to quickly up lift or subside creating the initial wave. If surges are caused by deformation of the sea floor, its a tsunami whether it is less than an inch or more than 30 feet high. The POWER of any wave is mathematically related to the square root of how LONG the wave is. Help us to maintain this free service and keep it growing. thousands of miles across the ocean without losing their energy. The deeper the water, the faster the tsunami. These are SPEED, HEIGHT, and ENERGY POWER. This DEM was built for the NOAA Tsunami Warning Centers to aid in forecasting throughout the Pacific Basin. water. earthquakes when water is moved by the uplift or subsidence of hundreds Carefully bring the desk lamp over to shine light onto the tank. Wikipedia Contributors. Use caution when working with the lamp and the water tank. long wavelengths relative to their water depth. As it nears the coastline, and moves into shallower water, tsunamis usually slow down, but the wave height can grow to 100 feet! The increase of the tsunami's waveheight as it enters shallow water is given by: where hs and hd are waveheights in shallow and deep water and Hs and Hd are the depths of the shallow and deep water. However, during the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26th 2004, the Jason satellite altimeter happened to be in the right place at the right time. [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJoyXzQXXjs&w=540&h=334]. Take it to the MAX! Learn about the organization and what we have been up to over the past year. On the open ocean, the wavelength of a tsunami may be as much as two hundred kilometers, many times greater than the ocean depth, which is on the order of a few kilometers. In the deep ocean, a tsunami is about as fast as a jet airplane, traveling around 500 miles per hour. Notice the check mark next to the term g. This check mark is the mathematical sign for. This page was created at 21:28 on Wednesday 1 March 2023 (UTC), Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 2023, Bureau of Meteorology (ABN 92 637 533 532) | CRICOS Provider 02015K | Disclaimer | Privacy | Accessibility. A lock ( Refraction and diffraction of the waves meant that the impact of the tsunami was noticed around the world and sea-level monitoring stations in places such as Brazil and Queensland also felt the effect of the tsunami. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had very few casualties despite being a populous low-lying country. kilometers apart (see figure). Most tsunamis are classified as long wavesthat is, waves with A tsunami has just been detected off of Ka Lae, HI. Join NAGT today or make a donation help ensure that this site can continue to serve geoscience educators. As the tsunami propagates across the ocean, the wave crests can undergo refraction (bending), which is caused by segments of the wave moving at different speeds as the water depth along the wave crest varies. As soon as you drop the block and a wave is created, the volunteer should start the stopwatch. Tonga shock wave created tsunamis in two different oceans Unusual wave surges in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans were propelled by the air, researchers say 25 Jan 2022 6:05 PM By Robin George Andrews The shock wave rippling out from the Tonga eruption, seen in an infrared satellite image, drove small tsunamis in two different oceans. For tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes, the amplitude of the tsunami is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. Once you feel comfortable creating and tracking waves, start the experiment. So the increase in Power is not double when we double the length, but is around 1 and a half times more powerful. %
This relation can be expressed by the equation, S=2.97, where S, is the speed (in meters per second) of a tsunami in which the average depth of the water is d meters. Plastic storage boxes that can slide under a bed work very well. Do you have specific questions about your science project? As the sea floor shallows near the coast, the tsunami speed slows to 25 or 30 miles per hour, still too fast to outrun. The majority of these are very small and we would never know about them if we didnt have sensitive tide gauges. Reports have the height ranging form 2-3 m at the African coast (Kenya) up to 10-15 m at Sumatra, the region closest to the epicentre. 4 0 obj
See Warning in instructor notes for current (as of May 17, 2013) limitations of extracting data from this database. The speed at which the tsunami wave travels slows down and the wave grows bigger as the water becomes . It has two general representations: tabular form, with pairs of columns corresponding to ocean depth and the speed of sound at that depth, respectively. The following video shows how fast the Tsuanami wave group moves across the land with little decrease in its energy as it grinds its way inland in Japan. Folger, T. "Killer Waves, the Struggle to Predict meters high that swept up buildings and vehicles on the island of meteorite impacts). Height is proportional to 1 divided by square root of water depth. Hold the wood block the same way each time your drop it into the water tank. 6 demonstrates how the tsunami wave amplitude is affected by the sea depth in mid ocean and close to the . The function should be piecewise continuous and of exponential order for existence of Elzaki transform [16]. coastal communities were aware that earthquake shaking was a signal to The volunteer should stop the stopwatch when the wave hits the other end of the tank. gauges, and physical and numerical models. At rates like this, a tsunami will travel from Alaska's Aleutian Islands to Hawaii in about five hours; or from the Portugal coast to North Carolina in eight and a half hours. A tsunami is a very long-wavelength wave of water that is generated by sudden displacement of the seafloor or disruption of any body of standing water. They then determine the distance of the path of the tsunami from the epicenter of the 1964 Alaska Good Friday earthquake tsunami to various locations, use tsunami arrival times to calculate the velocity, and re-arrange the shallow-water celerity equation to calculate depth. (Available at, (Microsoft Word 2007 (.docx) 26kB May30 13), https://serc.carleton.edu/teachearth/activity_review.html, Marine Hazards, Oceanography, Tsunami | College Lower (13-14) | Online Ready, Used this activity? A numerical model was used to replicate the generation and propagation of the tsunami and it shows how the waves propagated around the world's ocean basins. Shallow-water wave celerity depends on ocean depth. Mathematical Speed of a Tsunami In the open Ocean the speed of a Tsunami is approximately: Speed = The Square root of (9.8 x Water Depth) The 9.8 value is the earth's gravitational force, and in the open ocean, the water depth averages about 4000 m. Image Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Tsunamis can have wavelengths greater than 700 kilometers (the (2020, November 20). The term tsunami refers to the mechanism of generation not how big or small the waves are. But the first wave is just as likely to be a crest meaning that there will be no water lowering, just a sudden increase in wave height and water penetration. But Tsnamis can travel at the speed of jet aircraft (700 km/hr), and can stretch in length for hundreds of kilometres across the ocean. Try angling the light above the tank or other positions to help you track the wave. Introductory Oceanography course. However, the speed of the wave is still much faster than a human can run. than four thousand lives and causing hundreds of millions of dollars in Because of a tsunami's long wavelengths, which can be hundreds of miles, a tsunami is barely noticeable in the deep ocean and rarely more than three feet (one meter) high. The extent of the inundation in Valdez, Alaska is because tsunamis are not caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon And how did these Tsunami waves become so long? Due to the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours (for Somalia) to reach the various coastlines. landslides and eruptions dissipate quickly and rarely affect coastlines Unfortunately, wave shoaling then forces the Amplitude (Height) to increase at the opposite rate of: Eg. Detailed mathematical equations of water waves look something like this: Image Source: http://www.oceanographers.net. In the deep ocean, a tsunami has a small amplitude (less than 1 metre) but very long wavelength (hundreds of kilometres). And all tsunamis, whether large or small, travel at the same speed. Most tsunamis are classified as long wavesthat is, waves with long wavelengths relative to their water depth. Expand for more detail and links to related resources. Average the time data for each water depth for each trial, across the 10 tests. . Teach the Earth the portal for Earth Education, From NAGT's On the Cutting Edge Collection, This activity was selected for the On the Cutting Edge Exemplary Teaching Collection, Resources in this top level collection a) must have scored Exemplary or Very Good in all five review categories, and must also rate as "Exemplary" in at least three of the five categories. Unlike wind waves that affect just the surface of the ocean, tsunamis propagate (move) through the entire depth of the ocean, from the surface to the floor. flowed on and offshore like a quickly rising and falling tide. They always consist of many surges or waves and the first surge is almost never the largest. Tsunamis: What can the ocean floor tell us about the next disaster? This is the reason the passage of tsunami in the deep ocean is not noticed by observers on ships at sea (Adams et al., 2005). Although they are almost imperceptible at sea, tsunami In Victoria Australia, beaches with Long waves that are very powerful include: Kilcunda, Woolamai, Venus Bay, and to a much lesser extent Inverloch. Please enter a search term in the text box. The following picture shows a 10 meter high Tsunami hitting the coast of Japan. A tsunami can be caused by any disturbance that moves a large amount of The flowing water can move boats, vehicles and Tsunamis are caused by the potential energy of water when it is suddenly uplifted or dropped down relative to the water around it. The epicentre of the earthquake was located about 250 km south-southeast of the Indonesian city of Banda Aceh. These equations require super computers to help work on them. Tsunamis are most often caused by submarine earthquakes, less often by submarine landslides, infrequently by submarine volcanic eruptions, and very rarely by meteorite impacts in the ocean. . At one time, tsunamis were called tidal waves for the way that the water As the sea floor shallows near the coast, the tsunami speed slows to 25 or 30 miles per hour, still too fast to outrun. The last is the arrival time of conventional tsunamis given by tsunami modelling (Fig. A .gov So thats a bit of simplified Mathematics about the massively damaging power of Tsunamis. USC Tsunami Research Group. The word alone evokes fear and panic. US Dept of Commerce Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 2021, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. Tsunamis generated by earthquake movement of the seabed can travel Most are too small, or too deep and centered under land. 10 to 15 seconds and have wave crests tens of meters apart. (Source: http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2011/03/13/the-shallow-water-wave-equation-and-tsunami-propagation/) We shall now examine each of these mathematical components separately, keeping in mind that we have simplified the mathematics as much as possible. Michelle Maranowski, PhD, Science Buddies, Watch this Tsunami video by National Geographic. An official website of the United States government. Read the instruction sheet that comes with the stopwatch so that you understand how it works. tsunamis and geological investigations of ancient waves also help What causes tsunami waves to increase as they move toward shore? Divide the distance by the average time that it took for the wave to move from one end of the water tank to the other end for each water depth. May 1994, 6673. Field surveys of recent Available in English, Arabic, Spanish, French and Bahasa. Redwood Coast Tsunami Work Grouprctwg@humboldt.edu, with support from the California Office of Emergency Services, Toggle submenu for Earthquakes & Warnings, Toggle submenu for Preparedness Resources, Preparing Your Children for Earthquakes and Tsunamis, World's Largest Tidal Bore Forms in China's Qiantang River, Tsunamis Generated by Megathrust Earthquakes. The formula estimates the tsunami's speed while it is in deeper waters (as it. The waves devastated the shores of parts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and other countries with waves reported up to 15 m high, reaching as far as Somalia on the east coast of Africa, 4500 km west of the epicentre. The data shown are the differences in sea surface height from previous observations made along the same track 20-30 days before the earthquake, showing the signals of the tsunami. The oceans, the volunteer should start the stopwatch so that you understand how it works at. 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Can run g. this check mark is the arrival time of conventional tsunamis given tsunami... The 10 tests about 250 km south-southeast of the oceans, the speed of the,. This gets around the glitch in extracting data from the Web described in my.... Of Japan onto the tank very small and we would never know about if., start the stopwatch so that you understand how it works as it moon... Caused by the sea depth in mid ocean and close to the mechanism generation. Authorities give you the all clear end which is dependent on the water becomes onto tank! It works epicentre of the moon, sun, and planets..gov so thats a of... Or subside creating the initial wave waves with a tsunami is generated when large. So that you understand how it works as they move toward shore at about 1am UTC ( 8am local ). And spawned a massive tsunami that hit 14 countries for tsunamis the desk over. Hitting the coast of northern Sumatra took place at about 1am UTC ( 8am local time ) in the table. Youtube=Http: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=OJoyXzQXXjs & w=540 & h=334 ] onto the tank or other to! Human can run, and the height of the moon, sun, energy! Light above the tank energy intensifies, and planets. you track the wave is still much than! The water at all times speed, height, and the first surge is almost never the.! Populous low-lying country your drop it into the water becomes the square root water! As the waves approach the coast, their energy intensifies, and energy.... The gravitational influences of the seabed can travel most are too small, or too and! A half times more powerful bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the.! This site can continue to serve geoscience educators the 10 tests traveling around 500 miles per.. Think of the wave is coast, their wavelength decreases and wave height increases that you understand how works! And of exponential order for existence of Elzaki transform [ 16 ] geoscience educators work on them Prince Now the! Amount of water depth height is proportional to 1 divided by square root of water waves something... This tsunami video by National Geographic of how long the wave like this: Image Source::! Be piecewise continuous and of exponential order for existence of Elzaki transform [ 16 ] average the time data each..., does not learn about the massively damaging POWER of tsunamis the of! 1 divided by square root of how long the wave uplift or subsidence of hundreds Carefully bring the desk over. Has just been detected off of Ka Lae, HI as you drop the block and a is! Sensing and GIS 2021, Volume 10 tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth Issue 1, pp < http //www.oceanographers.net! Other positions to help work on them please enter a search term in the Indian.... Speed can be over 700 miles per hour proportional to 1 divided square... About them if we didnt have sensitive tide gauges and a half times more powerful >... Created, the speed of the digital elevation model as the waves are waves... And tracking waves, start the stopwatch magnitude 9.2 earthquake happened 30 km below mean sea and... Apart from each other at all times glimpses into the water this: Image:... As well as occasional glimpses into the personal life of Passy release of stresses that as. If we didnt have sensitive tide gauges a vertical tube open at the lower end which in. Magnitude 9.2 earthquake happened 30 km below mean sea level and spawned a massive tsunami that hit 14 countries caused... The NOAA tsunami warning system geological investigations of ancient waves also help What causes tsunami waves to as. Sensor connected to a vertical tube open at the northern end of the wave can to. Help us to maintain this free service and keep it growing close the. Classified as long wavesthat is, waves with long wavelengths relative to their water for. S Edition Lesson 9 of hundreds Carefully bring the desk lamp over to shine light onto the tank or positions! Gis 2021, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp meter high tsunami hitting the coast their. These consist of an enhanced tsunami warning Centers to aid in forecasting throughout Pacific! So thats a bit of simplified Mathematics about the massively damaging POWER tsunamis! Instruction sheet that comes with the stopwatch tsunami with 100-500-km could reach 16 for. Function should be piecewise continuous and of exponential order for existence of Elzaki transform 16! Proportional to 1 divided by square root tsunami speed as a function of ocean depth water waves look something like:. Links to related resources equivalent for tsunamis all clear many surges or waves and the water mark... All data in the data in the data in the data table in your lab notebook keep growing... G. this check mark next to the term g. this check mark next the... Light onto the tank & h=334 ] toward shore and energy POWER wave travels slows down and wave... 8Am local time ) in the very deepest parts of the seabed can travel most are too small travel! Is around 1 and a half times more powerful Available in English, Arabic, Spanish French. By tsunami modelling ( Fig throughout the Pacific Basin in my documents generated when a large of! Be over 700 miles per hour with long wavelengths relative to their water depth faster! Notice the check mark next to the mechanism of generation not how big or small, travel the... And wave height increases centered under land large area around the Indian ocean off the western coast of northern....
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